As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 30, 2007.

Registration No. 333-      

 

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

Form S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

AMICUS THERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

 

 

6 Cedar Brook Drive

Cranbury, New Jersey 08512

(609) 662-2000

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

 

John F. Crowley

Chief Executive Officer

Amicus Therapeutics, Inc.

6 Cedar Brook Drive

Cranbury, New Jersey 08512

(609) 662-2000

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

 

Copies to:

 

 

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:  As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement is declared effective.

 

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), please check the following box.  o

 

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  o _ _

 

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o _ _

 

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  o _ _

 

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

 

 

 

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act or until this Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

 

 

PROSPECTUS (Subject to Completion)

Issued          , 2007

 

          Shares

 

 

Common Stock

 

 

 

 

This offering is our initial public offering of shares of our common stock. We are offering        shares of common stock.

 

 

 

 

We expect the initial public offering price to be between $      and $      per share. Currently, no public market exists for our shares. After pricing of the offering, we expect that the shares will be quoted on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “FOLD”.

 

 

 

 

Investing in our common stock involves risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 8.

 

 

 

 

 

The underwriters may also purchase up to an additional        shares of common stock from us at the public offering price, less the underwriting discount, within 30 days from the date of this prospectus to cover over-allotments.

 

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved these securities, or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

The underwriters expect to deliver the shares to purchasers on or about          , 2007.

 

 

 

 

JPMorgan

 

 

          , 2007

Table of Contents

 

 

 

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, shares of our common stock only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of our common stock. In this prospectus, unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, references to “Amicus Therapeutics,” “Amicus,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar references refer to Amicus Therapeutics, Inc.

 

Until          , 2007, 25 days after the commencement of this offering, all dealers that buy, sell or trade shares of our common stock, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers’ obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

 

For investors outside the United States: Neither we nor any of the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. You are required to inform yourselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to this offering and the distribution of this prospectus.

 

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

	•	Amigal for Fabry disease.  We are developing Amigal for the treatment of patients with Fabry disease, which commonly causes kidney failure and increased risk of heart attack and stroke. We are currently conducting multiple Phase II clinical trials of Amigal. We expect to complete our Phase II trials of Amigal by the end of 2007.
	•	Plicera for Gaucher disease.  We are developing Plicera for the treatment of Gaucher disease, which commonly causes an enlarged liver and spleen, abnormally low levels of red blood cells and platelets, and skeletal complications. Some patients also present with neurological complications. We are currently conducting two Phase II clinical trials of Plicera in Type I Gaucher patients. We expect to obtain preliminary results from the first of these two trials by the end of 2007.
	•	AT2220 for Pompe disease.  We are developing AT2220 for the treatment of Pompe disease, which commonly causes progressive muscle weakness, particularly affecting breathing, mobility and heart function. We are currently conducting Phase I clinical trials of AT2220 and expect to initiate a Phase II clinical trial by the end of 2007.

	•	focus our initial efforts on developing pharmacological chaperones for severe genetic diseases called lysosomal storage disorders;
	•	rapidly advance our lead programs;
	•	leverage our proprietary approach to the discovery and development of additional small molecules; and
	•	build a targeted sales and marketing infrastructure.

Common stock we are offering		shares
Common stock to be outstanding after this offering		shares
Over-allotment option		shares
Use of proceeds		We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $      million, or approximately $      million if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, assuming an initial public offering price of $      per share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us. We expect to use most of the net proceeds from this offering to fund clinical trial activities and preclinical research and development activities, and the balance for other general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds.”
Risk factors		You should read the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus for a discussion of the factors to consider carefully before deciding to purchase any shares of our common stock.
Proposed NASDAQ Global Market symbol		FOLD

	•	14,064,554 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options outstanding as of March 15, 2007, with a weighted average exercise price of $0.57 per share;
	•	40,000 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of a warrant to purchase common stock at an exercise price of $0.75 per share; and
	•	an aggregate of           shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2007 equity incentive plan as of the closing of this offering.

	•	no exercise of the outstanding options or warrant to purchase common stock described above; and
	•	no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase shares of common stock to cover over-allotments.

														Period from
														February 4, 2002
		Year Ended December 31,												(Inception) to
		2004				2005				2006				December 31, 2006
		(in thousands, except shares and per share data)
Statement of Operations Data:
Operating expenses:
Research and development		$	6,301			$	13,652			$	33,630			$	58,804
General and administrative			2,081				6,877				12,277				22,792
Impairment of leasehold improvements			—				—				—				1,030
Depreciation and amortization			146				303				952				1,557
In-process research and development			—				—				—				418
Total operating expenses			8,528				20,831				46,859				84,601
Loss from operations			(8,528	)			(20,831	)			(46,859	)			(84,601	)
Other income (expenses):
Interest income			190				610				1,991				2,808
Interest expense			(550	)			(82	)			(273	)			(1,083	)
Change in fair value of warrant liability			(2	)			(280	)			(22	)			(304	)
Other expense			—				—				(1,182	)			(1,182	)
Loss before tax benefit			(8,890	)			(20,584	)			(46,345	)			(84,362	)
Income tax benefit			83				612				—				695
Net loss			(8,807	)			(19,972	)			(46,345	)			(83,667	)
Deemed dividend			—				—				(19,424	)			(19,424	)
Preferred stock accretion			(125	)			(139	)			(159	)			(451	)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders		$	(8,932	)		$	(20,111	)		$	(65,928	)		$	(103,543	)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders per common shares – basic and diluted		$	(3.87	)		$	(6.54	)		$	(11.94	)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic and diluted			2,306,541				3,076,649				5,519,749
Unaudited pro forma net loss										$	(46,345	)
Unaudited pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share										$	(0.37	)
Unaudited shares used to compute pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share											126,507,084

		As of December 31, 2006
										Pro Forma as
		Actual				Pro Forma				Adjusted
						(unaudited)
		(in thousands)
Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities		$	54,699			$	79,133
Working capital			44,814				69,247
Total assets			59,646				84,079
Total liabilities			13,071				12,463
Redeemable convertible preferred stock(1)			124,091				—
Deficit accumulated during the development stage			(83,667	)			(83,667	)
Total stockholders’ (deficiency) equity			(77,515	)			71,616

(1)		In March 2007, we issued additional 14,823,985 shares of series D redeemable convertible preferred stock for proceeds of $24.1 million.

 

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below together with all of the other information included in this prospectus, including the financial statements and related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus, before deciding to invest in our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occur, they would materially harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. In this event, the market price of our common stock could decline and you could lose part or all of your investment.

 

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

 

We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception. We currently do not, and since inception never have had, any products available for commercial sale. We expect to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

 

Since inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our net loss attributable to common stockholders was $65.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. As of December 31, 2006, we had an accumulated deficit of $83.7 million. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through private placements of our redeemable convertible preferred stock. We have devoted substantially all of our efforts to research and development, including our preclinical development activities and clinical trials. We have not completed development of any drugs. We expect to continue to incur significant and increasing operating losses for at least the next several years and we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially as we:

 

 

To become and remain profitable, we must succeed in developing and commercializing drugs with significant market potential. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including the discovery of product candidates, successful completion of preclinical testing and clinical trials of our product candidates, obtaining regulatory approval for these product candidates and manufacturing, marketing and selling those products for which we may obtain regulatory approval. We are only in the preliminary stages of these activities. We may never succeed in these activities and may never generate revenues that are large enough to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become or remain profitable could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, diversify our product offerings or continue our operations. A decline in the market price of our common stock would also cause you to lose a part or all of your investment.

We will need substantial additional funding and may be unable to raise capital when needed, which would force us to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs or commercialization efforts.

 

We expect our research and development expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue our Phase II clinical trials of Amigal, our Phase II clinical trials of Plicera and our Phase I clinical trials of AT2220, and for any later-stage clinical trials of our product candidates. In addition, subject to obtaining regulatory approval of any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses for product sales and marketing, securing commercial quantities of product from our manufacturers and product distribution. We currently have no additional commitments or arrangements for any additional financing to fund the research and development and commercial launch of our product candidates.

 

We believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities, will be sufficient to enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements until at least          . Additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, we may be required to reduce or eliminate research development programs or commercial efforts.

 

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

 

 

Any additional funds that we obtain may not be on terms favorable to us or our stockholders or may require us to relinquish valuable rights.

 

Until such time, if ever, as we generate product revenue to finance our operations, we expect to finance our cash needs through public or private equity offerings and debt financings, corporate collaboration and licensing arrangements and grants from patient advocacy groups, foundations and government agencies. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders will experience dilution. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends and may include rights that are senior to the holders of our common stock. Any debt financing or additional equity that we raise may contain terms, such as liquidation and other preferences, which are not favorable to us or our stockholders. If we raise additional funds through collaboration and licensing arrangements with third parties, it may be necessary to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us or our stockholders.

Our short operating history may make it difficult for you to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability.

 

We are a development stage company. We commenced operations in February 2002. Our operations to date have been limited to organizing and staffing our company, acquiring and developing our technology and undertaking preclinical studies and limited clinical trials of our most advanced product candidates. We have not yet demonstrated our ability to successfully complete large-scale, clinical trials, obtain regulatory approvals, manufacture a commercial-scale product or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. Consequently, any predictions you make about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history.

 

In addition, as a new business, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown factors. If we are successful in obtaining marketing approval for any of our lead product candidates, we will need to transition from a company with a research focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. We may not be successful in such a transition.

 

Risks Related to the Development and Commercialization of Our Product Candidates

 

We depend heavily on the success of our most advanced product candidates, Amigal, Plicera and AT2220. All of our product candidates are still in either preclinical or clinical development. Clinical trials of our product candidates may not be successful. If we are unable to commercialize Amigal, Plicera or AT2220, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

 

We have invested a significant portion of our efforts and financial resources in the development of our most advanced product candidates, Amigal, Plicera and AT2220. Our ability to generate product revenue, which we do not expect will occur for at least the next several years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development and commercialization of these product candidates. The successful commercialization of our product candidates will depend on several factors, including the following:

 

 

If the market opportunities for our product candidates are smaller than we believe they are, then our revenues may be adversely affected and our business may suffer.

 

Each of the diseases that our product candidates are being developed to address is relatively rare. Our projections of both the number of people who have these diseases, as well as the subset of people with these diseases who have the potential to benefit from treatment with our product candidates, are based on estimates.

Currently, most reported estimates of the prevalence of these diseases are based on studies of small subsets of the population of specific geographic areas, which are then extrapolated to estimate the prevalence of the diseases in the broader world population. In addition, as new studies are performed the estimated prevalence of these diseases may change. In fact, as a result of some recent studies, we believe that previously reported studies do not accurately account for the prevalence of Fabry disease and that the prevalence of Fabry disease could be many times higher than previously reported. There can be no assurance that the prevalence of Fabry disease, Gaucher disease or Pompe disease in the study populations, particularly in these newer studies, accurately reflect the prevalence of these diseases in the broader world population.

 

We estimate the number of potential patients in the broader world population who have those diseases and may respond to treatment with our product candidates by further extrapolating estimates of the prevalence of specific types of genetic mutations giving rise to these diseases. For example, we base our estimate of the percentage of Fabry patients who may respond to treatment with Amigal on the frequency of missense and other similar mutations that cause Fabry disease reported in the Human Gene Mutation Database. As a result of recent studies that estimate that the prevalence of Fabry disease could be many times higher than previously reported, we believe that the number of patients diagnosed with Fabry disease will increase and estimate that the number of Fabry patients who may benefit from the use of Amigal is significantly higher than some previously reported estimates of Fabry disease generally. If our estimates of the prevalence of Fabry disease, Gaucher disease or Pompe disease or of the number of patients who may benefit from treatment with our product candidates prove to be incorrect, the market opportunities for our product candidates may be smaller than we believe they are, our prospects for generating revenue may be adversely affected and our business may suffer.

 

Initial results from a clinical trial do not ensure that the trial will be successful and success in early stage clinical trials does not ensure success in later-stage clinical trials.

 

We will only obtain regulatory approval to commercialize a product candidate if we can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or the applicable non-United States regulatory authority, in well-designed and conducted clinical trials, that the product candidate is safe and effective and otherwise meets the appropriate standards required for approval for a particular indication. Clinical trials are lengthy, complex and extremely expensive processes with uncertain results. A failure of one or more of our clinical trials may occur at any stage of testing. We have limited experience in conducting and managing the clinical trials necessary to obtain regulatory approvals, including approval by the FDA.

 

Our efforts to develop all of our product candidates are at an early stage. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and initial results from a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. For example, results to date in our Phase II clinical trials of Amigal for the treatment of Fabry disease caused by missense mutations are based on data from only eleven patients and the kidney biopsy data are based on data from only two patients. Additional data from these eleven patients and data from additional patients in these trials may be less favorable than the results to date. No definitive conclusions as to the safety or efficacy of any drug candidate can be drawn from such a small number of patients. We cannot assure you that these trials will ultimately be successful.

 

Patients may not be compliant with their dosing regimen or trial protocols or they may withdraw from the study at any time for any reason. We note that a patient in the ongoing Phase II clinical trials for Amigal for the treatment of Fabry disease elected to withdraw from the study. This patient had a history of hypertension and discontinued study treatment due to increased blood pressure, which was reported by the investigator as possibly related to the study drug.

 

Even if our early stage clinical trials are successful, we will need to conduct additional clinical trials with larger numbers of patients receiving the drug for longer periods for all of our product candidates before we are able to seek approvals to market and sell these product candidates from the FDA and regulatory authorities outside the United States. In addition, each of our product candidates is based on our pharmacological chaperone technology. To date, we are not aware that any product based on chaperone technology has been approved by the FDA. As a result, we cannot be sure what endpoints the FDA will require us to measure in later-stage clinical trials of our product candidates. We are aware that the currently available enzyme

replacement therapy for the treatment of Fabry disease was approved by the FDA based on an endpoint measuring GL-3 levels in a specific type of kidney cell. We cannot be certain that the FDA will permit the use of this endpoint in our Phase III trials of Amigal. If the FDA requires different endpoints than the endpoints we anticipate using, it may be more difficult for us to obtain, or we may be delayed in obtaining, FDA approval of our product candidates. If we are not successful in commercializing any of our lead product candidates, or are significantly delayed in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

 

We have limited experience in conducting and managing the preclinical development activities and clinical trials necessary to obtain regulatory approvals, including approval by the FDA.

 

We have limited experience in conducting and managing the preclinical development activities and clinical trials necessary to obtain regulatory approvals, including approval by the FDA. To date, we have only three lead product candidates: Amigal, Plicera and AT2220. We have not obtained regulatory approval nor commercialized any of these or any other product candidates. We are currently conducting Phase II clinical trials for Amigal and Plicera and a Phase I clinical trial for AT2220 but have not yet initiated a Phase III clinical trial, or even completed a Phase II clinical trial, for any of our product candidates. Our limited experience might prevent us from successfully designing or implementing a clinical trial. We have limited experience in conducting and managing the application process necessary to obtain regulatory approvals and we might not be able to demonstrate that our product candidates meet the appropriate standards for regulatory approval. If we are not successful in conducting and managing our preclinical development activities or clinical trials or obtaining regulatory approvals, we might not be able to commercialize our lead product candidates, or might be significantly delayed in doing so, which will materially harm our business.

 

We may find it difficult to enroll patients in our clinical trials.

 

Each of the diseases that our lead product candidates are intended to treat is relatively rare and we expect only a subset of the patients with these diseases to be eligible for our clinical trials. Given that each of our product candidates is in the early stages of required testing, we may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials for each or all of our product candidates if we are unable to locate a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in the clinical trials required by the FDA or other non-United States regulatory agencies. The requirements of our clinical testing mandates that a patient cannot be involved in another clinical trial for the same indication. We are aware that our competitors have ongoing clinical trials for products that are competitive with our product candidates and patients who would otherwise be eligible for our clinical trials may be involved in such testing, rendering them unavailable for testing of our product candidates. Additionally, many patients with Fabry disease, Gaucher disease and Pompe disease may already be receiving existing therapies, such as enzyme replacement therapy, which would render them ineligible for our current clinical trials if they are not willing to stop receiving such therapies. Further, if we are required to include patients in our clinical trials who have never received enzyme replacement therapy, we may experience yet further difficulty and delay enrolling patients in our trials. Our inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients for any of our current or future clinical trials would result in significant delays or may require us to abandon one or more clinical trials altogether.

 

If our preclinical studies do not produce positive results, if our clinical trials are delayed or if serious side effects are identified during drug development, we may experience delays, incur additional costs and ultimately be unable to commercialize our product candidates.

 

Before obtaining regulatory approval for the sale of our product candidates, we must conduct, at our own expense, extensive preclinical tests to demonstrate the safety of our product candidates in animals, and clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans. Preclinical and clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, and can take many years to complete. A failure of one or more of our preclinical studies or clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. We may experience

numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, preclinical testing and the clinical trial process that could delay or prevent our ability to obtain regulatory approval or commercialize our product candidates, including:

 

 

If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates beyond those that we currently contemplate, if we are unable to successfully complete our clinical trials or other testing, if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we may:

 

 

Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing or approvals. We do not know whether any preclinical tests or clinical trials will be initiated as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, if at all. Significant preclinical or clinical trial delays also could shorten the patent protection period during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates. Such delays could allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do and impair our ability to commercialize our products or product candidates.

The commercial success of any product candidates that we may develop, including Amigal, Plicera and AT2220, will depend upon the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third party payors and others in the medical community.

 

Any products that we bring to the market, including Amigal, Plicera and AT2220, if they receive marketing approval, may not gain market acceptance by physicians, patients, third party payors and others in the medical community. If these products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenue and we may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:

 

 

Even if a potential product displays a favorable efficacy and safety profile in preclinical and clinical trials, market acceptance of the product will not be known until after it is launched. Our efforts to educate the medical community and third party payors on the benefits of our product candidates may require significant resources and may never be successful. Such efforts to educate the marketplace may require more resources than are required by the conventional technologies marketed by our competitors.

 

If we are unable to obtain adequate reimbursement from governments or third party payors for any products that we may develop or if we are unable to obtain acceptable prices for those products, our prospects for generating revenue and achieving profitability will suffer.

 

Our prospects for generating revenue and achieving profitability will depend heavily upon the availability of adequate reimbursement for the use of our approved product candidates from governmental and other third party payors, both in the United States and in other markets. Reimbursement by a third party payor may depend upon a number of factors, including the third party payor’s determination that use of a product is:

 

 

Obtaining reimbursement approval for a product from each government or other third party payor is a time consuming and costly process that could require us to provide supporting scientific, clinical and cost effectiveness data for the use of our products to each payor. We may not be able to provide data sufficient to gain acceptance with respect to reimbursement or we might need to conduct post-marketing studies in order to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of any future products to such payors’ satisfaction. Such studies might require us to commit a significant amount of management time and financial and other resources. Even when a payor determines that a product is eligible for reimbursement, the payor may impose coverage limitations

that preclude payment for some uses that are approved by the FDA or non-United States regulatory authorities. In addition, there is a risk that full reimbursement may not be available for high priced products. Moreover, eligibility for coverage does not imply that any product will be reimbursed in all cases or at a rate that allows us to make a profit or even cover our costs. Interim payments for new products, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. A primary trend in the United States healthcare industry and elsewhere is toward cost containment. We expect recent changes in the Medicare program and increasing emphasis on managed care to continue to put pressure on pharmaceutical product pricing. For example, the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 provides a new Medicare prescription drug benefit that began in 2006 and mandates other reforms. While we cannot predict the full outcome of the implementation of this legislation, it is possible that the new Medicare prescription drug benefit, which will be managed by private health insurers and other managed care organizations, will result in additional government reimbursement for prescription drugs, which may make some prescription drugs more affordable but may further exacerbate industry wide pressure to reduce prescription drug prices. If one or more of our product candidates reaches commercialization, such changes may have a significant impact on our ability to set a price we believe is fair for our products and may affect our ability to generate revenue and achieve or maintain profitability.

 

Governments outside the United States tend to impose strict price controls and reimbursement approval policies, which may adversely affect our prospects for generating revenue.

 

In some countries, particularly European Union countries, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time (6 to 12 months or longer) after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost effectiveness of our product candidate to other available therapies. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our prospects for generating revenue, if any, could be adversely affected and our business may suffer.

 

If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, we may be unable to generate product revenue.

 

At present, we have no sales or marketing personnel. In order to commercialize any of our product candidates, we must either acquire or internally develop sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, or enter into collaborations with partners to perform these services for us. We may not be able to establish sales and distribution partnerships on acceptable terms or at all, and if we do enter into a distribution arrangement, our success will be dependent upon the performance of our partner.

 

In the event that we attempt to acquire or develop our own in-house sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize our products without strategic partners or licensees include:

 

 

We may co-promote our product candidates in various markets with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in instances where we believe that a larger sales and marketing presence will expand the market or

accelerate penetration. If we do enter into arrangements with third parties to perform sales and marketing services, our product revenues will be lower than if we directly sold and marketed our products and any revenues received under such arrangements will depend on the skills and efforts of others.

 

We may not be successful in entering into distribution arrangements and marketing alliances with third parties. Our failure to enter into these arrangements on favorable terms could delay or impair our ability to commercialize our product candidates and could increase our costs of commercialization. Dependence on distribution arrangements and marketing alliances to commercialize our product candidates will subject us to a number of risks, including:

 

 

If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, whether independently or with third parties, we may not be able to generate product revenue and may not become profitable.

 

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

 

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidates in human clinical trials and will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any products that we may develop and which are approved for sale. We may be exposed to product liability claims and product recalls, including those which may arise from misuse or malfunction of, or design flaws in, such products, whether or not such problems directly relate to the products and services we have provided. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates or products caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

 

 

We have liability insurance policies for our clinical trials in the geographies in which we are conducting trials. The aggregate annual limit of coverage amount under these policies expressed in United States dollars is approximately $31.4 million, and these policies are also subject to per claim deductibles. The amount of insurance that we currently hold may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost and we may not be able to obtain insurance coverage that will be adequate to satisfy any liability that may

arise. On occasion, large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated side effects. A successful product liability claim or a series of claims brought against us could cause our stock price to fall and, if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could decrease our available cash and adversely affect our business.

 

We face substantial competition which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.

 

The development and commercialization of new drugs is highly competitive and competition is expected to increase. We face competition with respect to our current product candidates and any products we may seek to develop or commercialize in the future from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. For example, several large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies currently market and sell products for the treatment of Fabry disease. These products include Genzyme Corporation’s Fabrazyme and Shire PLC’s Replagal. In addition, Genzyme Corporation and Actelion, Ltd. market and sell Cerezyme and Zavesca, respectively, for the treatment of Gaucher disease, and Genzyme Corporation markets and sells Myozyme for the treatment of Pompe disease. We are also aware of other enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapies in development by third parties.

 

Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing and commercialization. Our competitors may develop products that are more effective, safer, more convenient or less costly than any that we are developing or that would render our product candidates obsolete or noncompetitive. Our competitors may also obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours. We may also face competition from off-label use of other approved therapies. There can be no assurance that developments by others that will not render our product candidates obsolete or noncompetitive either during the research phase or once the products reach commercialization.

 

We believe that many competitors, including academic institutions, government agencies, public and private research organizations, large pharmaceutical companies and smaller more focused companies, are attempting to develop therapies for many of our target indications.

 

Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals, prosecuting intellectual property rights and marketing approved products than we do. Smaller and other early stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to or necessary for our programs or advantageous to our business. In addition, if we obtain regulatory approvals for our products, manufacturing efficiency and marketing capabilities are likely to be significant competitive factors. We currently have no commercial manufacturing capability, sales force or marketing infrastructure. Further, many of our competitors have substantial resources and expertise in conducting collaborative arrangements, sourcing in-licensing arrangements and acquiring new business lines or businesses that are greater than our own.

 

Our business activities involve the use of hazardous materials, which require compliance with environmental and occupational safety laws regulating the use of such materials. If we violate these laws, we could be subject to significant fines, liabilities or other adverse consequences.

 

Our research and development programs involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, including microbial agents, corrosive, explosive and flammable chemicals and other hazardous compounds in addition to certain biological hazardous waste. Ultimately, the activities of our third party product manufacturers when a product candidate reaches commercialization will also require the use of hazardous materials. Accordingly, we are subject to federal, state and local laws governing the use, handling and disposal of these materials. Although we believe that our safety procedures for handling and disposing of these materials comply in all material

respects with the standards prescribed by local, state and federal regulations, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. In addition, our collaborators may not comply with these laws. In the event of an accident or failure to comply with environmental laws, we could be held liable for damages that result, and any such liability could exceed our assets and resources or we could be subject to limitations or stoppages related to our use of these materials which may lead to an interruption of our business operations or those of our third party contractors. While we believe that our existing insurance coverage is generally adequate for our normal handling of these hazardous materials, it may not be sufficient to cover pollution conditions or other extraordinary or unanticipated events. Furthermore, an accident could damage or force us to shut down our operations. Changes in environmental laws may impose costly compliance requirements on us or otherwise subject us to future liabilities and additional laws relating to the management, handling, generation, manufacture, transportation, storage, use and disposal of materials used in or generated by the manufacture of our products or related to our clinical trials. In addition, we cannot predict the effect that these potential requirements may have on us, our suppliers and contractors or our customers.

 

Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties

 

Use of third parties to manufacture our product candidates may increase the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of our product candidates or such quantities at an acceptable cost, and clinical development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed, prevented or impaired.

 

We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities for clinical or commercial production of our product candidates. We have limited personnel with experience in drug manufacturing and we lack the resources and the capabilities to manufacture any of our product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale. We currently outsource all manufacturing and packaging of our preclinical and clinical product candidates and products to third parties. The manufacture of pharmaceutical products requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls. Manufacturers of pharmaceutical products often encounter difficulties in production, particularly in scaling up initial production. These problems include difficulties with production costs and yields and quality control, including stability of the product candidate.

 

We do not currently have any agreements with third party manufacturers for the long-term commercial supply of any of our product candidates. We may be unable to enter into agreements for commercial supply with third party manufacturers, or may be unable to do so on acceptable terms. Even if we enter into these agreements, the manufacturers of each product candidate will be single source suppliers to us for a significant period of time.

 

Reliance on third party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured product candidates or products ourselves, including:

 

 

The failure of any of our contract manufacturers to maintain high manufacturing standards could result in injury or death of clinical trial participants or patients using products. Such failure could also result in product liability claims, product recalls, product seizures or withdrawals, delays or failures in testing or delivery, cost overruns or other problems that could seriously harm our business or profitability.

Our contract manufacturers will be required to adhere to FDA regulations setting forth current good manufacturing processes, or cGMP. These regulations cover all aspects of the manufacturing, testing, quality control and recordkeeping relating to our product candidates and any products that we may commercialize. Our manufacturers may not be able to comply with cGMP regulations or similar regulatory requirements outside the United States. Our manufacturers are subject to unannounced inspections by the FDA, state regulators and similar regulators outside the United States. Our failure, or the failure of our third party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, failure of regulatory authorities to grant marketing approval of our product candidates, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates or products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect regulatory approval and supplies of our product candidates.

 

Our product candidates and any products that we may develop may compete with other product candidates and products for access to manufacturing facilities. There are a limited number of manufacturers that operate under cGMP regulations and that are both capable of manufacturing for us and willing to do so. If the third parties that we engage to manufacture products for our preclinical tests and clinical trials should cease to continue to do so for any reason, we likely would experience delays in advancing these trials while we identify and qualify replacement suppliers and we may be unable to obtain replacement supplies on terms that are favorable to us. Later relocation to another manufacturer will also require notification, review and other regulatory approvals from the FDA and other regulators and will subject our production to further cost and instability in the availability of our product candidates. In addition, if we are not able to obtain adequate supplies of our product candidates or the drug substances used to manufacture them, it will be more difficult for us to develop our product candidates and compete effectively.

 

Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of our product candidates may adversely affect our future profit margins and our ability to develop product candidates and commercialize any products that obtain regulatory approval on a timely and competitive basis.

 

Materials necessary to manufacture our product candidates may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, which may delay the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

 

We rely on the manufacturers of our product candidates to purchase from third party suppliers the materials necessary to produce the compounds for our preclinical and clinical studies and will rely on these other manufacturers for commercial distribution if we obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates. Suppliers may not sell these materials to our manufacturers at the time we need them or on commercially reasonable terms and all such prices are susceptible to fluctuations in price and availability due to transportation costs, government regulations, price controls, changes in economic climate or other foreseen circumstances. We do not have any control over the process or timing of the acquisition of these materials by our manufacturers. Moreover, we currently do not have any agreements for the commercial production of these materials. If our manufacturers are unable to obtain these materials for our preclinical and clinical studies, product testing and potential regulatory approval of our product candidates would be delayed, significantly impacting our ability to develop our product candidates. If our manufacturers or we are unable to purchase these materials after regulatory approval has been obtained for our product candidates, the commercial launch of our product candidates would be delayed or there would be a shortage in supply, which would materially affect our ability to generate revenues from the sale of our product candidates.

 

We rely on third parties to conduct certain preclinical development activities and our clinical trials and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet established deadlines for the completion of such activities and trials.

 

We do not independently conduct certain preclinical development activities of our product candidates, such as long-term safety studies in animals, or clinical trials for our product candidates. We rely on, or work in conjunction with, third parties, such as contract research organizations, medical institutions and clinical investigators, to perform this function. Our reliance on these third parties for preclinical and clinical

development activities reduces our control over these activities. We are responsible for ensuring that each of our preclinical development activities and our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable general investigational plan and protocols, however, we have no direct control over these researchers or contractors (except by contract), as they are not our employees. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with standards, commonly referred to as Good Clinical Practices, or GCP, for conducting, recording and reporting the results of our preclinical development activities and our clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, safety and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. Our reliance on third parties that we do not control does not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements. Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our preclinical development activities or our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, regulatory approvals for our product candidates and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize our product candidates. Moreover, these third parties may be bought by other entities or they may go out of business, thereby preventing them from meeting their contractual obligations.

 

We also rely on other third parties to store and distribute drug supplies for our preclinical development activities and our clinical trials. Any performance failure on the part of our existing or future distributors could delay clinical development or regulatory approval of our product candidates or commercialization of our products, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue.

 

Extensions, delays, suspensions or terminations of our preclinical development activities and our clinical trials as a result of the performance of our independent clinical investigators and contract research organizations will delay, and make more costly, regulatory approval for any product candidates that we may develop. Any change in a contract research organization during an ongoing preclinical development activity or clinical trial could seriously delay that trial and potentially compromise the results of the activity or trial.

 

We may not be successful in maintaining or establishing collaborations, which could adversely affect our ability to develop and, particularly in international markets, commercialize products.

 

For each of our product candidates, we are collaborating with physicians, patient advocacy groups, foundations and government agencies in order to assist with the development of our products. We plan to pursue similar activities in future programs and plan to evaluate the merits of retaining commercialization rights for ourselves or entering into selective collaboration arrangements with leading pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies. We also may seek to establish collaborations for the sales, marketing and distribution of our products outside the United States. If we elect to seek collaborators in the future but are unable to reach agreements with suitable collaborators, we may fail to meet our business objectives for the affected product or program. We face, and will continue to face, significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Moreover, collaboration arrangements are complex and time consuming to negotiate, document and implement. We may not be successful in our efforts, if any, to establish and implement collaborations or other alternative arrangements. The terms of any collaborations or other arrangements that we establish, if any, may not be favorable to us.

 

Any collaboration that we enter into may not be successful. The success of our collaboration arrangements, if any, will depend heavily on the efforts and activities of our collaborators. It is likely that any collaborators of ours will have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations. The risks that we may be subject to in possible future collaborations include the following:

 

 

 

Collaborations with pharmaceutical companies and other third parties often are terminated or allowed to expire by the other party. Such terminations or expirations may adversely affect us financially and could harm our business reputation in the event we elect to pursue collaborations that ultimately expire or are terminated.

 

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

 

If we are unable to obtain and maintain protection for the intellectual property relating to our technology and products, the value of our technology and products will be adversely affected.

 

Our success will depend in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain protection in the United States and other countries for the intellectual property covering or incorporated into our technology and products. The patent situation in the field of biotechnology and pharmaceuticals generally is highly uncertain and involves complex legal, technical, scientific and factual questions. We may not be able to obtain additional issued patents relating to our technology or products. Even if issued, patents issued to us or our licensors may be challenged, narrowed, invalidated, held to be unenforceable or circumvented, which could limit our ability to stop competitors from marketing similar products or reduce the term of patent protection we may have for our products. Changes in either patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection.

 

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, and we cannot ensure that:

 

 

In addition, we cannot assure you that any of our pending patent applications will result in issued patents. In particular, we have filed patent applications in the European Patent Office and other countries outside the United States that have not been issued as patents. These pending applications include, among others, the patent applications we license pursuant to a license agreement with Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University. If patents are not issued in respect of our pending patent applications, we may not be able to stop competitors from marketing similar products in Europe and other countries in which we do not have issued patents.

 

The patents and patent applications that we own or have licensed relating to use of Amigal expire in 2018 in the United States and 2019 outside of the United States, and the foreign counterparts, if issued, would expire in 2019. Patents that we own or have licensed relating to Plicera expire between 2015 and 2016 in the United States and in 2015 outside of the United States for composition of matter, and in 2018 in the United States for methods of use. We currently have no issued patents or pending applications covering methods of using Plicera outside of the United States. Patents and patent applications that we own or have licensed relating to the use of AT2220 expire in 2018 in the United States. Further, we currently do not have composition of matter or method of use protection for AT2220 outside of the United States. Where we lack patent protection outside of the United States, we intend to seek orphan medicinal product designation and to

rely on statutory data exclusivity provisions in jurisdictions outside the United States where such protections are available, including Europe. If we are unable to obtain such protection outside the United States, our competitors may be free to use and sell Plicera and/or AT2220 outside of the United States and there will be no liability for infringement or any other barrier to competition. The patent rights that we own or have licensed relating to our product candidates are limited in ways that may affect our ability to exclude third parties from competing against us if we obtain regulatory approval to market these product candidates. In particular:

 

 

Moreover, physicians may prescribe such a competitive identical product for indications other than the one for which the product has been approved, or off-label indications, that are covered by the applicable patents. Although such off-label prescriptions may infringe or induce infringement of method of use patents, the practice is common and such infringement is difficult to prevent or prosecute.

 

Our patents also may not afford us protection against competitors with similar technology. Because patent applications in the United States and many other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all, and because publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, neither we nor our licensors can be certain that we or they were the first to make the inventions claimed in our or their issued patents or pending patent applications, or that we or they were the first to file for protection of the inventions set forth in these patent applications. If a third party has also filed a United States patent application covering our product candidates or a similar invention, we may have to participate in an adversarial proceeding, known as an interference, declared by the United States Patent and Trademark Office to determine priority of invention in the United States. The costs of these proceedings could be substantial and it is possible that our efforts could be unsuccessful, resulting in a loss of our United States patent position.

 

If we fail to comply with our obligations in our intellectual property licenses with third parties, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.

 

We are a party to a number of license agreements including agreements with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University, the University of Maryland, Baltimore County and Novo Nordisk A/S, pursuant to which we license key intellectual property relating to our lead product candidates. We expect to enter into additional licenses in the future. Under our existing licenses, we have the right to enforce the licensed patent rights. Our existing licenses impose, and we expect that future licenses will impose, various diligence, milestone payment, royalty, insurance and other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with these obligations, the licensor may have the right to terminate the license, in which event we might not be able to market any product that is covered by the licensed patents.

 

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information and know-how, the value of our technology and products could be adversely affected.

 

We seek to protect our know-how and confidential information, in part, by confidentiality agreements with our employees, corporate partners, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers, consultants and

other advisors. We also have confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and our consultants. If our employees or consultants breach these agreements, we may not have adequate remedies for any of these breaches. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known to or be independently developed by others. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally obtained and is using our trade secrets is difficult, expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States may be less willing to protect trade secrets. Costly and time consuming litigation could be necessary to seek to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position.

 

If we infringe or are alleged to infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, it will adversely affect our business.

 

Our research, development and commercialization activities, as well as any product candidates or products resulting from these activities, may infringe or be accused of infringing one or more claims of an issued patent or may fall within the scope of one or more claims in a published patent application that may subsequently issue and to which we do not hold a license or other rights. Third parties may own or control these patents or patent applications in the United States and abroad. These third parties could bring claims against us that would cause us to incur substantial expenses and, if successful against us, could cause us to pay substantial damages. Further, if a patent infringement suit were brought against us, we or they could be forced to stop or delay research, development, manufacturing or sales of the product or product candidate that is the subject of the suit.

 

No assurance can be given that patents do not exist, have not been filed, or could not be filed or issued, which contain claims covering our products, technology or methods. Because of the number of patents issued and patent applications filed in our field, we believe there is a risk that third parties may allege they have patent rights encompassing our products, technology or methods.

 

We are aware, for example, of United States patents, and corresponding international counterparts, owned by third parties that contain claims related to treating protein misfolding. We have received written notice from one of these third parties indicating that it believes we may need a license to certain of these patents in order to avoid infringing such patents. If any of these third party patents were to be asserted against us we do not believe that our proposed products would be found to infringe any valid claim of these patents. If we were to challenge the validity of any issued United States patent in court, we would need to overcome a presumption of validity that attaches to every patent. This burden is high and would require us to present clear and convincing evidence as to the invalidity of the patent’s claims. There is no assurance that a court would find in our favor on infringement or validity.

 

In order to avoid or settle potential claims with respect to any of the patent rights described above or any other patent rights of third parties, we may choose or be required to seek a license from a third party and be required to pay license fees or royalties or both. These licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Even if we or our future collaborators were able to obtain a license, the rights may be nonexclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property. Ultimately, we could be prevented from commercializing a product, or be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations, if, as a result of actual or threatened patent infringement claims, we are unable to enter into licenses on acceptable terms. This could harm our business significantly.

 

Others may sue us for infringing their patent rights or file nullity, opposition or interference proceedings against our patents, even if such claims are without merit, which would similarly harm our business. Furthermore, during the course of litigation, confidential information may be disclosed in the form of documents or testimony in connection with discovery requests, depositions or trial testimony. Disclosure of our confidential information and our involvement in intellectual property litigation could materially adversely affect our business.

 

There has been substantial litigation and other proceedings regarding patent and other intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. In addition to infringement claims against us, we may become a party to other patent litigation and other proceedings, including interference proceedings

declared by the United States Patent and Trademark Office and opposition proceedings in the European Patent Office, regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology. Even if we prevail, the cost to us of any patent litigation or other proceeding could be substantial.

 

Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from any litigation could significantly limit our ability to continue our operations. Patent litigation and other proceedings may also absorb significant management time.

 

Many of our employees were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. We try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us. However, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, trade secrets or other proprietary information of any such employee’s former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims and, even if we are successful in defending ourselves, could result in substantial costs to us or be distracting to our management. If we fail to defend any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may jeopardize valuable intellectual property rights, disclose confidential information or lose personnel.

 

Risks Related to Regulatory Approval of Our Product Candidates

 

If we are not able to obtain and maintain required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to commercialize our product candidates, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.

 

Our product candidates, including Amigal, Plicera and AT2220, and the activities associated with their development and commercialization, including their testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United States and by comparable authorities in other countries. Failure to obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate will prevent us from commercializing the product candidate in the jurisdiction of the regulatory authority. We have not obtained regulatory approval to market any of our product candidates in any jurisdiction. We have only limited experience in filing and prosecuting the applications necessary to obtain regulatory approvals and expect to rely on third party contract research organizations to assist us in this process.

 

Securing FDA approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to the FDA for each therapeutic indication to establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Securing FDA approval also requires the submission of information about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the FDA. Our future products may not be effective, may be only moderately effective or may prove to have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that may preclude our obtaining regulatory approval or prevent or limit commercial use.

 

Our product candidates may fail to obtain regulatory approval for many reasons, including:

 

 

 

The process of obtaining regulatory approvals is expensive, often takes many years, if approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved. Changes in regulatory approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. The FDA and non-United States regulatory authorities have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data is insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies. In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval of a product candidate. Any regulatory approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post approval commitments that render the approved product not commercially viable. Any FDA or other regulatory approval of our product candidates, once obtained, may be withdrawn, including for failure to comply with regulatory requirements or if clinical or manufacturing problems follow initial marketing.

 

Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval or commercialization.

 

Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in the denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities for any or all targeted indications, and in turn prevent us from commercializing our product candidates and generating revenues from their sale. For example, in a clinical trial of Amigal for Fabry disease, one patient with a history of hypertension experienced increased blood pressure during the course of the trial which was reported by the investigator as possibly related to the drug. Further, Amigal has been shown to cause reversible infertility effects in mice.

 

In addition, if any of our product candidates receive marketing approval and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by the product:

 

 

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product or could substantially increase the costs and expenses of commercializing the product candidate, which in turn could delay or prevent us from generating significant revenues from its sale or adversely affect our reputation.

 

We may not be able to obtain orphan drug exclusivity for our product candidates. If our competitors are able to obtain orphan drug exclusivity for their products that are the same drug as our product candidates, we may not be able to have competing products approved by the applicable regulatory authority for a significant period of time.

 

Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the United States and Europe, may designate drugs for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. We obtained orphan drug designations from the FDA for Amigal for the treatment of Fabry disease on February 25, 2004 and the active ingredient in Plicera for the treatment of Gaucher disease on January 10, 2006. We also obtained orphan drug designation from the European Medicines Agency, or EMEA, for Amigal on May 22, 2006. We anticipate filing for orphan drug designation from the EMEA for Plicera for the treatment of Gaucher disease and from the FDA and EMEA

for AT2220 for the treatment of Pompe disease. Generally, if a product with an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the applicable regulatory authority from approving another marketing application for the same drug for that time period. The applicable period is seven years in the United States and ten years in Europe. For a drug composed of small molecules, the FDA defines “same drug” as a drug that contains the same active molecule and is intended for the same use. Obtaining orphan drug exclusivity for Amigal and Plicera may be important to each of the product candidate’s success. Even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for Amigal or Plicera for these indications, we may not be able to maintain it. For example, if a competitive product that is the same drug as our product candidate is shown to be clinically superior to our product candidate, any orphan drug exclusivity we have obtained will not block the approval of such competitive product and we may effectively lose what had previously been orphan drug exclusivity.

 

Any product for which we obtain marketing approval could be subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our products, when and if any of them are approved.

 

Any product for which we obtain marketing approval, along with the manufacturing processes, post approval clinical data, labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such product, will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the FDA and comparable regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post marketing information and reports, registration requirements, cGMP requirements relating to quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping. Even if we obtain regulatory approval of a product, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for costly post marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product. We also may be subject to state laws and registration requirements covering the distribution of our products. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with our products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in actions such as:

 

 

If we, or our suppliers, third party contractors, clinical investigators or collaborators are slow to adapt, or are unable to adapt, to changes in existing regulatory requirements or adoption of new regulatory requirements or policies, we or our collaborators may lose marketing approval for our products when and if any of them are approved, resulting in decreased revenue from milestones, product sales or royalties.

Failure to obtain regulatory approval in international jurisdictions would prevent us from marketing our products abroad.

 

We intend to have our products marketed outside the United States. In order to market our products in the European Union and many other jurisdictions, we must obtain separate regulatory approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional testing and clinical trials. The time required to obtain approval may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. The regulatory approval process outside the United States may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. In addition, in many countries outside the United States, it is required that the product be approved for reimbursement by government-backed healthcare regulators or insurance providers before the product can be approved for sale in that country. We may not obtain approvals from regulatory authorities outside the United States on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one regulatory authority outside the United States does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA. We may not be able to file for regulatory approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market.

 

Risks Related to Employee Matters and Managing Growth

 

Our future success depends on our ability to retain our chief executive officer and other key executives and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.

 

We are highly dependent on principal members of our management team and scientific staff. These executives each have significant pharmaceutical industry experience, including our President and Chief Executive Officer, John F. Crowley, with whom we have entered into an employment agreement that runs for successive one year terms until either we or Mr. Crowley elect to terminate the agreement. Mr. Crowley is a commissioned officer in the United States Navy (Reserve). The United States recently called Mr. Crowley to service, which he fulfilled, from September 11, 2006 to March 5, 2007, and he may be called to active duty service again at any time. The loss of Mr. Crowley for protracted military duty could materially adversely affect our business. We do not maintain “key person” insurance on Mr. Crowley or on any of our other executive officers.

 

Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific personnel, clinical personnel and sales and marketing personnel will also be critical to our success. Our industry has experienced a high rate of turnover in recent years. We may not be able to attract and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel, particularly in New Jersey and surrounding areas. Although we believe we offer competitive salaries and benefits, we may have to increase spending in order to retain personnel.

 

We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us.

 

We expect to expand our development, regulatory and sales and marketing capabilities, and as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations.

 

We are a development stage company with 77 full-time employees as of March 15, 2007. Of these employees, 54 work primarily in research and development and 23 provide administrative services. We expect to experience significant growth in the number of our employees and the scope of our operations, particularly in the areas of drug development, regulatory affairs and sales and marketing. Assuming our plans and business conditions progress consistent with our current projections, we plan to grow to a total of 90-100 employees by the end of 2007 and to a total of 100-120 employees by the end of 2008. To manage our anticipated future growth, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems,

expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Due to our limited resources, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. The physical expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert our management and business development resources. Any inability on the part of our management to manage growth could delay the execution of our business plans or disrupt our operations.

 

Risks Related to Our Common Stock and This Offering

 

After this offering, our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders will maintain the ability to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval.

 

When this offering is completed, our executive officers, directors and stockholders who owned more than 5% of our outstanding common stock before this offering will, in the aggregate, beneficially own shares representing approximately     % of our common stock. As a result, if these stockholders were to choose to act together, they would be able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, as well as our management and affairs. For example, these persons, if they choose to act together, will control the election of directors and approval of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other business combination or reorganization. This concentration of voting power could delay or prevent an acquisition of us on terms that other stockholders may desire. The interests of this group of stockholders may not always coincide with your interests or the interests of other stockholders, and they may act, whether by meeting or written consent of stockholders, in a manner that advances their best interests and not necessarily those of other stockholders, including obtaining a premium value for their common stock, and might affect the prevailing market price for our common stock.

 

Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

 

Provisions in our corporate charter and our bylaws that will become effective upon the closing of this offering may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of us that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors. Because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions could in turn affect any attempt by our stockholders to replace current members of our management team. Among others, these provisions:

 

 

 

Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.

 

If you purchase shares of common stock in this offering, you will suffer immediate dilution of your investment.

 

We expect the initial public offering price of our common stock to be substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of our common stock. Therefore, if you purchase shares of our common stock in this offering, you will pay a price per share that substantially exceeds our net tangible book value per share after this offering. To the extent outstanding options or warrants are exercised, you will incur further dilution.

 

Based on an assumed initial public offering price of $      per share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the cover page of this prospectus, you will experience immediate dilution of $      per share, representing the difference between our pro forma net tangible book value per share after giving effect to this offering and the assumed initial public offering price. In addition, purchasers of common stock in this offering will have contributed approximately     % of the aggregate price paid by all purchasers of our common stock but will own only approximately     % of our common stock outstanding after this offering.

 

An active trading market for our common stock may not develop.

 

This is our initial public offering of equity securities and prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. The initial public offering price for our common stock will be determined through negotiations with the underwriters. Although we have applied to have our common stock approved for quotation on The NASDAQ Global Market, an active trading market for our common stock may never develop or be sustained following this offering. If an active market for our common stock does not develop, it may be difficult for you to sell shares you purchase in this offering without depressing the market price for our common stock.

 

If the price of our common stock is volatile, purchasers of our common stock could incur substantial losses.

 

The price of our common stock is likely to be volatile. The stock market in general and the market for biotechnology companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, investors may not be able to sell their shares of our common stock at or above the initial public offering price. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including:

 

 

 

For these reasons and others you should consider an investment in our common stock as risky and invest only if you can withstand a significant loss and wide fluctuations in the marked value of your investment.

 

We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.

 

Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our common stock. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, cause the price of our common stock to decline and delay the development of our product candidates. Pending the application of these funds, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

 

We intend to use the proceeds from this offering for clinical activities, including clinical supplies, preclinical research and development activities, general and administrative expenses, working capital needs and other general corporate purposes, including capital expenditures. Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine our use of the proceeds from this offering, their ultimate use may vary substantially from their currently intended use. For a further description of our intended use of the proceeds of this offering, see the “Use of Proceeds” section of this prospectus.

 

We have never paid cash dividends on our capital stock and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. You should not invest in us if you require dividend income. Any income from an investment in us would only come from a rise in the market price of our common stock, which is uncertain and unpredictable.

 

We have paid no cash dividends on our capital stock to date. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business and do not foresee payment of a dividend in any upcoming fiscal period. In addition, the terms of existing or any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

 

A significant portion of our total outstanding shares of common stock is restricted from immediate resale but may be sold into the market in the near future. This could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

 

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares of common stock intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. After this offering, we will have outstanding           shares of common stock based on the number of shares outstanding as of          , 2007. Of these shares,          may be resold in the public market immediately and the remaining           shares are currently restricted under securities laws or as a result of lock-up agreements but will be able to be sold after the offering as described in the “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” section of this prospectus. Moreover, after this offering, holders of an aggregate of 124,769,334 shares of our common stock will have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders. We also intend to register all           shares of common stock that we may issue under our equity compensation

plans. Once we register these shares, they can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to the 180 day lock-up periods under the lock-up agreements described in the “Underwriters” section of this prospectus.

 

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports or publish unfavorable research about our business, the price of our common stock and trading volume could decline.

 

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not currently have and may never obtain research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us the trading price for our common stock would be negatively affected. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our common stock, the price of our common stock would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases to cover us or fails to publish regular reports on us, interest in the purchase of our common stock could decrease, which could cause the price of our common stock or trading volume to decline.

 

We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company.

 

As a public company, we will incur significant legal, accounting, reporting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company, including costs related to compliance with the regulations of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. We also expect these new rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, we may experience more difficulty attracting and retaining qualified individuals to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur as a result of these requirements or the timing of such costs.

 

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this prospectus regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenues, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words.

 

The forward-looking statements in this prospectus include, among other things, statements about:

 

 

We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this prospectus, particularly in the “Risk Factors” section, that we believe could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, collaborations or investments we may make.

 

You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements.

 

We estimate that the net proceeds from the sale of           shares of common stock in this offering will be approximately $      million, or $      million if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, based on an assumed initial public offering price of $      per share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

 

We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering to fund the growth of our business, including:

 

 

 

 

The expected use of net proceeds of this offering represents our intentions based on our current plans and business conditions. The amount and timing of our actual expenditures will depend on numerous factors, including the progress of our research and development activities and clinical trials, the number and breadth of our product development programs, whether or not we establish corporate collaborations and other arrangements, and the amount of cash, if any, generated by our operations and any unforeseen cash needs. As a result, we will retain broad discretion in the allocation and use of the remaining net proceeds of this offering. We do not expect the net proceeds from this offering and our other available funds to be sufficient to fund the completion of the development of our lead product candidates, and we expect that we will need to raise additional funds prior to being able to market any products. We have no current plans, agreements or commitments for any material acquisitions or licenses of any technologies, products or businesses.

 

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $      per share would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by $      million, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

 

Pending application of the net proceeds, as described above, we intend to invest any remaining proceeds in a variety of short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing securities.

 

 

We have never declared or paid any dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance our research and development efforts, the further development of our pharmacological chaperone technology, and the expansion of our business. We do not intend to declare or pay cash dividends to our stockholders in the foreseeable future.

 

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of December 31, 2006:

 

 

The pro forma information below is illustrative only and our capitalization following the closing of this offering will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. You should read this table together with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus.

 

 

The table above does not include:

 

 

If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the public offering price per share of our common stock and the pro forma net tangible book value per share of our common stock after this offering.

 

The historical net tangible book value of our common stock as of December 31, 2006 was approximately $      million or $      per share, based on           shares of common stock outstanding, as adjusted to reflect the one-for-          reverse split of our common stock to be effected prior to the completion of this offering. Historical net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets less total liabilities, divided by the number of shares of common stock outstanding. Our pro forma net tangible book value as of December 31, 2006 was approximately $      million, or $      per share of common stock. Pro forma net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets reduced by the amount of our total liabilities, divided by the pro forma number of shares of common stock outstanding after giving effect, as of December 31, 2006, to the issuance on March 12, 2007 of 14,823,985 shares of our series D redeemable convertible preferred stock, the automatic exercise for cash upon completion of this offering of all outstanding warrants to purchase 447,583 shares of series B redeemable convertible preferred stock, and the automatic conversion of all shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into an aggregate of 120,987,335 shares of common stock outstanding upon completion of this offering.

 

After giving effect to our issuance and sale of           shares of our common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $      per share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) less the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma net tangible book value as of December 31, 2006, would have been approximately $      million, or $      per share of our common stock. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma net tangible book value of $      per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in pro forma net tangible book value of $      per share to new investors purchasing shares in this offering at the initial public offering price. Dilution per share to new investors is determined by subtracting pro forma net tangible book value per share after this offering from the initial public offering price per share paid by a new investor.

 

The following table illustrates this per share dilution:

 

 

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $      per share would increase (decrease) our pro forma net tangible book value after this offering by approximately $      million, our pro forma net tangible book value per share after this offering by approximately $      per share and dilution per share to new investors in this offering by approximately $      assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions.

 

If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full to purchase           additional shares of common stock in this offering, the proforma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after the offering would be $      per share, the increase in net tangible book value per share to existing stockholders would be

$      per share and the dilution to new investors, calculated before deduction of the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us:

 

 

The following table sets forth, as of December 31, 2006, on a pro forma basis to give effect to our issuance on March 12, 2006 of 14,823,985 shares of series D redeemable convertible preferred stock, the automatic exercise for cash upon completion of this offering of outstanding warrants to purchase 447,583 shares of series B redeemable convertible preferred stock, and the automatic conversion of all shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into an aggregate of 120,987,335 shares of common stock outstanding upon the closing of this offering, the total consideration paid investors in this offering and the average price per share paid, or to be paid, to us by existing stockholders and by new investors in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $      per share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the cover page of this prospectus, before deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions.

 

 

 

The discussion and tables above exclude:

 

 

If the underwriters’ exercise their over-allotment option in full, the following will occur:

 

 

 

You should read the following selected financial data together with our financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus and the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section of this prospectus. We have derived the statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2004, 2005 and 2006 and the period from February 4, 2002 (inception) to December 31, 2006 and the balance sheet data at December 31, 2005 and 2006 from our audited financial statements, which are included in this prospectus. We have derived the statement of operations for the period of February 4, 2002 (inception) to December 31, 2002, the year ended December 31, 2003, and the balance sheet data at December 31, 2002, 2003 and 2004, from our audited financial statements, which are not included in this prospectus. Our historical results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any future period.

 

 

 

Overview

 

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of novel small molecule, orally-administered drugs, known as pharmacological chaperones, for the treatment of a range of human genetic diseases. Certain human diseases result from mutations in specific genes that, in many cases, lead to the production of proteins with reduced stability. Proteins with such mutations may not fold into their correct three-dimensional shape and are generally referred to as misfolded proteins. Misfolded proteins are often recognized by cells as having defects and, as a result, may be eliminated prior to reaching their intended location in the cell. The reduced biological activity of these proteins leads to impaired cellular function and ultimately to disease. Our novel approach to the treatment of human genetic diseases consists of using pharmacological chaperones that selectively bind to the target protein, increasing the stability of the protein and helping it fold into the correct three-dimensional shape. This allows proper trafficking of the protein, thereby increasing protein activity, improving cellular function and potentially reducing cell stress. We are currently conducting Phase II clinical trials of Amigal for Fabry disease, Phase II clinical trials of Plicera for Gaucher disease, and Phase I clinical trials of AT2220 for Pompe disease.

 

We have generated significant losses to date and expect to continue to generate losses as we continue the clinical development of Amigal, Plicera, and AT2220. From our inception in February 2002 through December 31, 2006, we have accumulated a deficit of $83.7 million. Because we do not generate revenue from any of our product candidates, our losses will continue as we conduct our research and development activities. These activities are budgeted to expand over time and will require further resources if we are to be successful. As a result, our operating losses are likely to be substantial over the next several years. We will need to obtain additional funds to further develop our research and development programs.

 

Financial Operations Overview

 

Revenue

 

We have not generated any revenue since our inception. To date, we have funded our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities and equipment financings through capital leases. If our development efforts result in clinical success, regulatory approval and successful commercialization of any of our products, we could generate revenue from sales of any of our products.

 

Research and Development Expense

 

We expect our research and development expense to increase as we continue to develop our product candidates. Research and development expense consists of:

 

 

We have multiple research and development projects ongoing at any one time. We utilize our internal resources, employees and infrastructure across multiple projects. We do not believe that allocating internal

costs on the basis of estimates of time spent by our employees would accurately reflect the actual costs of a project. We do, however, record and maintain information regarding external, out-of-pocket research and development expenses on a project-specific basis.

 

We expense research and development costs as incurred, including payments made to date under our license agreements. We believe that significant investment in product development is a competitive necessity and plan to continue these investments in order to realize the potential of our product candidates. From our inception in February 2002 through December 31, 2006, we have incurred research and development expense in the aggregate of $58.8 million, including stock-based compensation expense of approximately $2.0 million.

 

The following table summarizes our principal product development programs, including the related stages of development for each product candidate in development, and the out-of-pocket, third party expenses incurred with respect to each product candidate (in thousands).

 

 

 

The successful development of our product candidates is highly uncertain. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the remainder of the development of, or the period, if any, in which material net cash inflows may commence from Amigal, Plicera, AT2220 or any of our other preclinical product candidates. This uncertainty is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the duration and cost of clinical trials which vary significantly over the life of a project as a result of differences arising during clinical development, including:

 

 

Our expenditures are subject to additional uncertainties, including the terms and timing of regulatory approvals, and the expense of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims or other intellectual property rights. We may obtain unexpected results from our clinical trials. We may elect to discontinue, delay or modify clinical trials of some product candidates or focus on others. A change in the outcome of any of the foregoing variables with respect to the development of a product candidate could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. For example, if the FDA or other regulatory authorities were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those

which we currently anticipate, or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any our clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development. Drug development may take several years and millions of dollars in development costs.

 

General and Administrative Expense

 

General and administrative expense consists primarily of salaries and other related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, for persons serving in our executive, finance, accounting, information technology and human resource functions. Other general and administrative expense includes facility-related costs not otherwise included in research and development expense, promotional expenses, costs associated with industry and trade shows, and professional fees for legal services, including patent-related expense, and accounting services. We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase as we add personnel and become subject to the reporting obligations applicable to public companies. From our inception in February 2002 through December 31, 2006, we spent $22.8 million, including stock-based compensation expense of approximately $2.0 million, on general and administrative expense.

 

Beneficial Conversion Charges

 

When we issue debt or equity securities which are convertible into common stock at a discount from the common stock fair value at the date the debt or equity is issued, a beneficial conversion charge for the difference between the closing price and the conversion price multiplied by the number of shares issuable upon conversion is recognized. The beneficial conversion charge for our debt instruments is presented as a discount to the related debt, with an offsetting amount increasing additional paid-in capital. We recorded a beneficial conversion charge for a bridge loan financing of $0.1 million which was initially recorded as debt discount and amortized to interest expense through May 2004. We also recorded a beneficial conversion charge (deemed dividend) during the second quarter of 2006 of approximately $19.4 million related to the issuance of certain shares of series C redeemable convertible preferred stock. The beneficial conversion charge for our equity instruments is recorded with offsetting charges and credits to additional paid in capital with no effect on total shareholder equity. The beneficial conversion charge (deemed dividend) increases the loss applicable to our common stockholders in the calculation of basic net loss per share for the year ended December 31, 2006. The estimated fair value of the common stock was approximately $2.15 per share at the measurement date for the second tranche of series C redeemable convertible preferred stock.

 

Interest Income and Interest Expense

 

Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities. Interest expense consists of interest incurred on our capital lease facility.

 

Other income and expenses

 

During the second and third quarter of 2006, we deferred and capitalized $1.2 million of costs directly attributable to the planned initial public offering of our common stock as other non-current assets. These costs were recorded as non-operating expenses when the planned offering was withdrawn during the third quarter of 2006.

 

Change in Warrant Liability

 

We account for warrants to purchase shares of our series B redeemable convertible preferred stock in accordance with FASB statement No. 150, Accounting for Certain financial instruments with Characteristics of both Liabilities and Equity, or SFAS 150. SFAS 150 requires that a financial instrument, other than an outstanding share, that, at inception, is indexed to an obligation to repurchase the issuer’s equity shares, regardless of the timing of the redemption feature, and may require the issuer to settle the obligation by transferring assets shall be classified as a liability. We recognize changes in the fair value of the warrants in the statements of operations as non-operating income or expense.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

 

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those described in greater detail below. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

 

While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our financial statements appearing at the end of this filing, we believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical to aid you in fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations.

 

Accrued Expenses

 

As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate accrued expenses. This process involves identifying services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us. Examples of estimated accrued expenses include:

 

 

Adoption of SFAS No. 123(R)

 

Effective January 1, 2006, we adopted the fair value recognition provisions of FASB Statement No. 123(R), Share-Based Payment, or SFAS No. 123(R), using the prospective transition method. Under the prospective transition method, compensation expense is recognized in the financial statements on a prospective basis for all share-based payments granted subsequent to December 31, 2005, based upon the grant-date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions of SFAS 123(R). Options granted prior to January 1, 2006, as a non-public company and accounted for using the intrinsic value method, will continue to be expensed over the vesting period. The fair value of awards expected to vest, as measured at grant date, is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the related awards. Under the prospective transition method, results for prior periods are not restated.

 

Stock-Based Compensation

 

At December 31, 2006, we had one stock-based employee compensation plan, which is described more fully in Note 7 to our financial statements appearing at the end of this prospectus. Prior to January 1, 2006, we accounted for this plan under the recognition and measurement provisions of Accounting Principles Board Opinion No 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees, or APB 25, and related interpretations, as permitted by SFAS 123. Stock-based employee compensation cost was recognized in the statement of operations for periods prior to January 1, 2006, to the extent options granted under the plan had an exercise price that was less than the fair market value of the underlying common stock on the date of grant. Under the prospective

transition method, compensation cost recognized for all stock-based payments granted subsequent to January 1, 2006 is based on the grant-date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions of SFAS 123(R). Results for prior periods have not been restated. As a result of adopting SFAS 123(R) on January 1, 2006, our net income for the year ended December 31, 2006 was less than it would have been had we continued to account for stock-based compensation under APB 25.

 

Prior to the adoption of SFAS 123(R), we presented our unamortized portion of deferred compensation cost for nonvested stock options in the statement of changes in shareholders’ deficiency with a corresponding credit to additional paid-in capital. Upon the adoption of SFAS 123(R), these amounts were offset against each other as SFAS 123(R) prohibits the “gross-up” of stockholders equity. Under SFAS 123(R), an equity instrument is not considered to be issued until the instrument vests. As a result, compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period with an offsetting credit to additional paid-in capital.

 

We recognized employee stock-based compensation expense of $0.1 million, $0.4 million, and $2.8 million for the years ended 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively.

 

During the year ended December 31, 2006, we recorded incremental compensation expense of approximately $2.2 million ($0.40 per basic and diluted share) related to the expensing of our options under SFAS 123(R) during the year. The compensation expense had no impact on our cash flows from operations and financing activities. The total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock option awards as of December 31, 2006 was approximately $8.1 million. This expense will be recorded on a straight-line basis over approximately 2.7 years.

 

Upon adoption of SFAS 123(R), we selected the Black-Scholes option pricing model as the most appropriate model for determining the estimated fair value for stock-based awards. The fair value of stock option awards subsequent to December 31, 2005 is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which is generally the vesting period. Use of a valuation model requires management to make certain assumptions with respect to selected model inputs. Expected volatility was calculated based on a blended weighted average of historical information of our stock and the weighted average of historical information of similar public entities for which historical information was available. We will continue to use a blended weighted average approach using our own historical volatility and other similar public entity volatility information until our historical volatility is relevant to measure expected volatility for future option grants. The average expected life was determined according to the SEC shortcut approach as described in Staff Accounting Bulletin, or SAB, 107, Disclosure about Fair Value of Financial Instruments, which is the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury, zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected life assumed at the date of grant. Forfeitures are estimated based on voluntary termination behavior, as well as a historical analysis of actual option forfeitures. The weighted average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model are as follows:

 

 

The weighted-average fair value (as of the date of grant) of the options granted during the year ended December 31, 2006 is $1.36.

 

The exercise prices for options granted were set by our board of directors, the members of which have extensive experience in the life sciences industry and all but one of whom are non-employee directors, with input from our management, based on our board’s determination of the fair market value of our common stock at the time of the grants. In connection with the preparation of the financial statements for a public offering, we performed a retrospective determination of fair value for financial reporting purposes of our common stock

underlying stock option grants in 2005 and the first quarter of 2006 utilizing a combination of valuation methods described in the AICPA Technical Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, or the Practice Aid. We utilized the same combination of valuation methods to perform contemporaneous valuations of our common stock for each quarter subsequent to March 31, 2006. Information on stock option grants during 2005 and 2006 are as follows:

 

 

 

 

Determining the fair value of the common stock of a private enterprise requires complex and subjective judgments. Our retrospective and contemporaneous estimates of enterprise value at each of the grant dates during 2005 and 2006 used results from both the income approach and the market approach.

 

Under the income approach, our enterprise value was based on the present value of our forecasted operating results. Our revenue forecasts were based on our estimates of expected annual growth rates following the anticipated commercial launch of our product candidates Amigal, Plicera and AT2220. Estimated operating expenses were based on our internal assumptions, including continuing research and development activities for Amigal, Plicera, AT2220 and other preclinical candidates, and preparation and ongoing support for the commercialization of our lead product candidates. The assumptions underlying the estimates are consistent with our business plan. The risks associated with achieving our forecasts were assessed in selecting the appropriate discount rates, which were approximately 25% to 35%.

 

Under the market approach, our estimated enterprise value was developed based on a comparison of pre-money initial public offering, or IPO, values of recent biotechnology and emerging pharmaceutical companies at a similar stage of development to ours. When we achieved or exceeded a significant milestone, we reduced the discount rate applied to determine our enterprise value.

 

Once our enterprise value was established, an allocation method was used to allocate the enterprise value to the different classes of equity instruments. During our retrospective and contemporaneous reviews, we used

the probability weighted expected returns, or PWER, method to allocate our enterprise value to our common stock. Under the PWER method, the value of common stock is estimated based upon an analysis of future values for the enterprise assuming various future outcomes. In our retrospective review, the future outcomes included two scenarios: (i) we become a public company and; (ii) we remain a private company. In our contemporaneous review, the future outcomes included three scenarios: (i) we become a public company, (ii) we merge or are acquired by another company, and; (iii) we remain a private company. In general, the closer a company gets to an IPO, the higher the probability assessment weighting is for that scenario. We used a low probability assumption for our January 2005 grants and this percentage increased over time as significant milestones were achieved and as discussions with our investment bankers began and continued to increase as we prepared for our IPO process. An increase in the probability assessment for an IPO increases the value ascribed to our common stock while a decrease in that probability has the opposite effect on the value ascribed to our common stock.

 

For each of the scenarios, estimated future and present value for the common shares were calculated using assumptions including:

 

 

The increase in the fair value of our common stock for financial reporting purposes during 2005 and the 2006 principally reflects increases resulting from achieving significant clinical milestones and a significant increase in our probability weighting for the IPO scenario until we withdrew our offering in the third quarter of 2006. The following is a summary of the significant factors that resulted in changes in the fair value of our common stock for the two years ended December 31, 2006:

 

 

 

 

The intrinsic value of all outstanding vested and unvested options based on the estimated IPO price of $      was $      based on 14,013,659 options outstanding at December 31, 2006.

 

Basic and Diluted Net Loss Attributable to Common Stockholders per Common Share

 

We calculated net loss per share in accordance with SFAS No. 128, Earnings Per Share. We have determined that the series A, B, C, and D redeemable convertible preferred stock represent participating securities in accordance with Emerging Issue Task Force, or EITF, 03-6 Participating Securities and the Two — Class Method under FASB Statement No. 128. However, since we operate at a loss, and losses are not allocated to the redeemable convertible preferred stock, the two class method does not affect our calculation of earnings per share. We had a net loss for all periods presented; accordingly, the inclusion of common stock options and warrants would be anti-dilutive. Therefore, the weighted average shares used to calculate both basic and diluted earnings per share are the same.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in computing basic and diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders per common share and pro forma net loss attributable to common stockholders per common share:

 

 

Dilutive common stock equivalents would include the dilutive effect of convertible securities, common stock options and warrants for common stock equivalents. Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents totaled approximately 28,749,798, 70,948,031 and 131,007,390 for the years ended December 31, 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents were excluded from the diluted earnings per share denominator for all periods because of their anti-dilutive effect.

 

Results of Operations

 

Year Ended December 31, 2006 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2005

 

Research and Development Expense.  Research and development expense was $33.6 million in 2006, an increase of $19.9 million, or 145%, from $13.7 million in 2005. The increase was primarily attributable to increased contract research and manufacturing costs for Amigal, Plicera and AT2220 of $11.1 million, an increase in personnel costs of $4.6 million, and costs associated with licenses totaling $2.5 million. The increase in personnel costs was due to headcount and salary increases in our research, clinical, and regulatory functions and the impact of adopting SFAS 123(R).

 

General and Administrative Expense.  General and administrative expense was $12.3 million in 2006, an increase of $5.4 million, or 78%, from $6.9 million in 2005. The increase resulted principally from an increase in personnel costs of $3.7 million attributable to increased headcount, a rise in salaries, and the impact of adopting SFAS 123(R).

 

Depreciation and Amortization.  Depreciation and amortization expense was $1.0 million in 2006, and increase of $0.7 million or 233%, from $0.3 million in 2005. The increase is primarily due to leasehold improvements completed in late 2005 and early 2006 as well as purchases of equipment during 2006.

 

Interest Income and Interest Expense.  Interest income was $2.0 million in 2006, compared to $0.6 million in 2005. The increase in interest income resulted from higher average cash and cash equivalents balances and higher average interest rates in 2006. Interest expense was $0.3 million in 2006, compared to $0.1 million in 2005. The increase in interest expense resulted from additional capital lease borrowings during 2006.

 

Other Expense.  During 2006, we capitalized $1.2 million of costs directly attributable to the planned offering of our anticipated IPO. These costs were expensed when we withdrew our offering in the third quarter of 2006.

 

Tax Benefit.  In 2005, we recognized tax benefits related to our sale of net operating losses in the New Jersey Tax Transfer Program. Our tax benefit was $0.6 million in 2005. We sold $6.7 million of net operating

losses in 2005. We did not sell net operating losses in the New Jersey Tax Transfer Program in 2006 and therefore we did not recognize any tax benefits in 2006.

 

Year Ended December 31, 2005 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2004

 

Research and Development Expense.  Research and development expense was $13.7 million in 2005, an increase of $7.4 million, or 117%, from $6.3 million in 2004. The increase resulted primarily from an increase in contract research costs for Amigal, Plicera, and AT2220 of $3.5 million during 2005, and a rise in personnel related costs of $2.7 million.

 

General and Administrative Expense.  General and administrative expense was $6.9 million in 2005, an increase of $4.8 million, or 228%, from $2.1 million in 2004. This increase is primarily attributable to a rise in salaries, as well as an increase in headcount in finance, human resources, information technology and general management, including the hiring of many of our current senior executives.

 

Interest Income and Interest Expense.  Interest income was $0.6 million in 2005, compared to $0.2 million in 2004. Interest expense was $0.1 million in 2005, compared to $0.6 million in 2004. The increase in interest income resulted from higher average cash and cash equivalents balances and higher average interest rates in 2005. The reduction in interest expense resulted from the conversion of our bridge loans into series B redeemable convertible preferred stock during 2004.

 

Tax Benefit.  In 2005 and 2004, we recognized tax benefits related to our sale of net operating losses in the New Jersey Tax Transfer Program. Our tax benefit was $0.6 million in 2005 and $0.1 million in 2004. We sold $6.7 million and $1.1 million of net operating losses in 2005 and 2004, respectively.

 

Liquidity and Capital Resources

 

Source of Liquidity

 

As a result of our significant research and development expenditures and the lack of any approved products to generate product sales revenue, we have not been profitable and have generated operating losses since we were incorporated in 2002. We have funded our operations principally with $124.5 million of gross proceeds from redeemable convertible preferred stock offerings through December 31, 2006. We received an additional $24.1 million of proceeds from a second tranche of Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock issuance in March 2007. The following table summarizes our funding sources as of December 31, 2006: